If you’ve found yourself wondering whether your cold needs more than just rest and hot tea, you are not alone. We look at causes of winter coughs and colds and offer advice to help you recover more comfortably.
Viruses vs Bacteria
Most winter coughs, colds and sore throats are caused by viruses, including rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza and RSV. These infections are highly contagious, often spreading through droplets in the air when someone coughs or sneezes or from touching contaminated surfaces. Viral infections typically cause a runny nose, sore throat, cough, fatigue, fever and aches. Antibiotics are not effective against viruses and taking them can contribute to antibiotic resistance.
Bacterial infections may follow a viral illness or appear on their own. They include strep throat, sinusitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. They tend to cause a fever above 38.5°C, pus on the tonsils, facial pain and pressure, and thick, green mucous. In these cases, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics.
When Should You See the Doctor?
Check in with your GP if you have:
- Symptoms lasting longer than 10 days without improvement
- Difficulty breathing, chest pain, or shortness of breath
- High fever that doesn’t come down with paracetamol or ibuprofen
- A worsening cough that produces discoloured or bloody sputum
- Severe sore throat or trouble swallowing
What Can You Do to Feel Better?
- Rest and Stay Hydrated – your body needs energy to fight the virus. Don’t push yourself—especially in the early days. Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated and help thin mucus.
- Paracetamol or Ibuprofen - to manage fever, body aches, and sore throats and can be taken individually or together.
- Cough Mixtures – try a spoonful of honey to soothe a sore throat and suppress a tickly cough. For a chesty cough, an expectorant can help to loosen mucus.
- Nasal Sprays and Decongestants – to relieve a blocked nose for up to a few days. Menthol-based rubs or steam inhalations may also help.
- Throat Lozenges or Sprays - for soothing relief and reduce inflammation.
- Zinc and Vitamin C - some people find these help reduce the duration or severity of a cold when taken early on.
Preventing Winter Illnesses
Of course, the best treatment is prevention. A few practical steps can make a big difference:
- Wash your hands frequently
- Cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze (preferably with your elbow)
- Keep your distance from others if you’re sick
- Stay up to date with vaccinations
- Keep your immune system strong with regular sleep, good nutrition, and exercise.
Most winter coughs and colds will run their course in 7–10 days, and while they can be a nuisance, they rarely require antibiotics. Understanding the difference between viral and bacterial infections—and knowing when to seek help—is key to managing your health during winter.